日化行業財務報表粉飾與分析講義(ppt 77頁)

日化行業財務報表粉飾與分析講義目錄：
一、美國上市公司報表粉飾概述
二、美國上市公司報表粉飾的典型手段
三、中國上市公司報表粉飾的典型手段
四、中國上市公司報表粉飾典型案例分析
五、財務報表分析框架（Harward Model of F.S.A)
六、附錄：Sarbanes-Oxley Act

日化行業財務報表粉飾與分析講義內容提要：
Significant Changes in the New Fraud Standard
4個重大變化
進一步強調職業懷疑（Professional Skepticism)的重要性
對舞弊及其特征進行描述
要求審計小組應當直麵舞弊
應當具有職業懷疑的心態（Mindset of PS)重大變化
實施意想不到的審計測試（Unpredictable Audit Tests)
對客戶沒料到的地區、場所和賬戶進行測試
對管理當局逾越控製（Override of Control)作出反映
提出測試管理當局逾越控製的審計程序
……

Description and Characteristics of Fraud
1個關鍵要素
舞弊是蓄意行為（Intentional Behavior)
舞弊是個法律概念，CPA不對某項行為是否屬於舞弊作出法律決定
舞弊與差錯的差別在於是否故意造成錯報或漏報
實際工作中難以判斷，如不合理會計估計（Unreasonable Accounting Estimates)
2種舞弊類型
虛假財務報告產生的錯報
Misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting
挪用資產產生的錯報
Misstatements arising from misappropriation of Assets
……

會計分析：
Doing Accounting Analysis
Step 1: Identify key accounting policies
Step 2: Access accounting flexibility
Step 3: Evaluate accounting strategy
Key questions
How do the firm’s accounting policies compare to the norms in the industry? If they are different, is it because the firm’s competitive strategy is unique?
Does management face strong incentives to use accounting discretion for earnings management?
Has the firm changed any of its policies and estimates? What is the justification? What is impact of changes?
Have the firm’s policies and estimates been realistic in the past?
Does the firm structure any significant business transactions so that it can achieve certain accounting objectives?

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